How the brain is folded provides researchers with an accurate marker to predict psychosis in high-risk patients

By using images of the brain to look at how its outer surface is folded on itself, researchers can predict which high-risk patients will develop psychosis with more than 80 per cent accuracy.  Before now, there has been no way to examine young people before they become ill to reliably identify who will develop acute psychosis and who will not.

Researchers from Western University and Lawson Health Research Institute collaborated with scientists at the University of Basel in Switzerland to develop an approach using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain that can identify which patients with pre-psychotic symptoms will go on to develop full-blown psychosis. The hope is that this information can then be used to begin early-intervention therapy with these patients before they develop illness.

“We not only know that early intervention works, but many interventions for psychosis work only if they are given early enough,” said Dr. Lena Palaniyappan, associate professor at Western’s Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry and Robarts Research Institute, and associate scientist at Lawson Health Research Institute.

“If we can identify patients early, before they drop-out of schools or lose their jobs due to a psychotic episode, we can reverse the trajectory of this illness.

In the study, published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry, the researchers collected MRI data from a group of 161 participants in Switzerland. 44 healthy control subjects, 38 patients with first-episode psychosis (characterized by brief hallucinations or delusions), and 79 people with an increased risk of psychosis. The researchers followed the participants for four years to determine which of those patients developed psychotic disorders like schizophrenia, and which did not.
 

The researchers point out that approximately 1 in 7 young people experience psychosis-risk symptoms, but only one per cent will develop long-standing psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.

“Currently there is no tool available for clinicians to pin-point which of those who are at risk, will go on to develop psychosis,” said Tushar Das, a postdoctoral fellow in Dr. Palaniyappan’s lab. “Our end goal is to apply this to the clinic. Our idea would be to identify these patients before they fall into a psychotic illness.”

The researchers looked specifically at the structural relationship in the brain determined by the way that the brain is folded inside the skull, also known as gyrification.

“The human brain is not the largest of the mammals – elephants and dolphins have larger brains than we do, but our brain is much more folded than other species’ brains, and that is because it is the most economical way to send signals across a constantly busy system,” said Dr. Palaniyappan, noting that this folding pattern is mostly developed by the time a person is two years old.

The researchers note that this may also point to the fact that psychotic illness is largely developmental rather than degenerative. “In search of the neural mechanisms that contribute to emerging psychosis, developmental processes are increasingly be recognized to be crucial,” the researchers said in the study.